By Audrey Cheong
People have been conducting cross-border and trans-continental trade for millennia. From the ancient Egyptians, to the Greeks advancing east into Asia, since the establishment of the Silk Road to the Founding Fathers crossing the Atlantic to the Americas hundreds of years later. Across vast land and sea routes, merchants exchanged food, commodities and exotic goods that enriched lives and shaped civilization.
Fast forward to today, despite the disruptions caused by Covid-19, or perhaps more correctly because of it, policymakers and business communities have gained a renewed appreciation of the role cross-border trade plays in helping people with their daily needs and keeping businesses running. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the world’s largest trade deal, though years in the making, was born in this challenging time.
Making ‘Factory Asia’ a Reality
Effective 1 January 2022, RCEP, signed by 10 ASEAN member states and five of its dialogue partners – Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea, covers nearly a third of the global gross domestic product (GDP) and 30% of the global population.This free trade agreement (FTA) holds the promise of making the Asia Pacific region the most dynamic region for cross-border opportunities.
Similar to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which focuses on combining production bases from countries in the Americas and Asia, RCEP is designed to facilitate stronger trade and commercial ties between participating APAC countries by cutting tariffs, eliminating barriers to trade and investment, and consolidating production bases for maximum efficiency. All this could turn the ‘Factory Asia’ aspiration into reality.
While some critics say that RCEP will only benefit large economies like China, Japan, and South Korea, Asean economies certainly have the opportunity to gain a significant economic boost considering the close-knit ties that already exist between the two sub-regions.
In fact, the RCEP is projected to boost Asean’s GDP by as much as US$160 billion in 2035 and increase the value of exports and imports by more than US$500 billion.
Powering Up SMEs with Harmonized Rule of Origin
With tariffs on more than 65% of traded goods now reduced to zero under the agreement and further reductions to almost 90% of goods over the next 20 years, finance-lean small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have much to gain in cost-savings which will accelerate trade with neighbouring countries and beyond.
Rules of origin (RoO), known as a set of criteria that determine where a product is made, often burdens SMEs and exporters with hefty duties and restrictions if importing countries have other anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties in place.
With RCEP, companies that source materials from or export to other countries within the trade bloc will benefit from a liberal Rules of Origin (RoO) that helps further reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers and gives preferential market access. It is estimated that the RoO could reduce export costs, thereby boosting merchandise exports among Asean member states by around US$90 billion on average annually.
As SMEs in the Asean member states begin to move up the global value chain, the RoO can help them expand free-trade options to countries that otherwise are too expensive to trade with due to high tariffs. According to Boston Consulting Group, if companies in ASEAN can take full advantage of the RCEP, the region can generate up to US$600 billion a year in additional manufacturing output and increase annual foreign direct investment in manufacturing by up to US$22 billion by 2030.
Simply put, not only can RCEP foster a stronger trade integration for ASEAN SMEs, but it could also make the region more attractive to further diversification of supply chains for multinational corporations, or multi-shoring.
Doubling Down on ‘China Plus’ Strategies under RCEP
Recent Covid-related supply chain disruptions and the ongoing trade tensions between the US and China have made businesses realize the importance of diversifying their sourcing across different countries. Multi-sourcing and near-sourcing has become a business imperative. RCEP provides an ideal environment for ASEAN economies and their SMEs to take advantage of the multi-sourcing strategy and compete more strongly on the global stage.
Already, companies adopting a ‘China Plus’ strategy have helped Vietnam become the region’s largest manufacturing hub – thanks to multilateral free trade agreements and competitive labor costs. In Big Tech, Apple is also aggressively diversifying its supply chains by setting up factories in places like Indonesia.
Take the production of a garment for an international fashion brand as an example. While conventionally, the entire production could be done in one country, such as Vietnam, now companies – including SMEs – in Asean member states can join the regional manufacturing supply chain by processing raw materials from, say Thailand, and making semi-finished products in Cambodia, which are shipped to Vietnam to turn into the finished goods and then shipped off from Vietnam to the overseas buyer. All accumulated production is regarded as originating from Vietnam under the RoO framework – a great way to enhance SMEs’ participation in the global and regional value chains while saving trade-related costs.
Accelerating Growth with Future-Ready Supply Chains
Trade along the early Silk Road wouldn’t have been possible without horses and camels. Although much has changed since, having a reliable carrier to move goods across borders remains critical in global trade. For aspiring SMEs seeking to expand their footprint internationally, it’s vital to find a reliable and future-ready logistics providers to navigate complex business environments, anticipate potential risks and accelerate growth against all odds.
Now, with e-commerce and digital trade as a focus under the RCEP, governments and logistics companies are looking to help advance the digitization of the supply chain and improve connectivity in cross-border commerce.
Singapore, a leading Asean economy, has already announced the launch of a US$13.1 million Supply Chain 4.0 Initiative to integrate more technology to assist SMEs with any future supply chain disruptions.
As an advocate of global trade, FedEx has long been actively expanding its global networks, improving e-commerce offerings and digitizing its services from last-mile delivery to warehouse management to foster SMEs’ participation in global trade.
The formulation of FTAs, like the RCEP, together with support from governments to facilitate the development of smart logistics, is creating a truly robust ecosystem for SMEs to thrive in the years to come.
Learn more about how FedEx can help SMEs accelerate cross-border trade, please visit HERE.
